Learning values of transmission control protocol (tcp) options

ABSTRACT

A system includes a storage device and a processor. The storage device is configured to store a first set of values of TCP options for a first group of servers. The processor is configured to: transmit first requests to the first group of servers; receive first replies, in response to the first requests, from the first group of servers; determine the first set of values of the TCP options for the first group based on values in the first replies; store the first set of values in the storage device; receive a first message from a client to establish a connection between the client and a server in the first group of servers, and transmit, in response to the first message, a second message to the client.

BACKGROUND

Growth of network traffic, complexity of networks, and customer demandshave increased the need to improve network performance/optimization. Todo so, various Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) options are used forcommunication with/between servers that provide TCP services in order toimprove network utilization and throughput (average rate of successfulmessage delivery) and reduce latency and errors. TCP options are meantto provide information about a server's capabilities related toreceiving data through a network. A client may transmit data to theserver based on values of the TCP options. A network device provides thevalues of the TCP options to the client. Currently, vendors of networkdevices configure the values of TCP options. As a result, clientsreceive the same static values that are configured for the TCP optionson the device whenever the clients attempt to connect to any serverthrough the device (i.e., regardless of which particular server theclients attempt to connect). Configuring static values of the TCPoptions on network devices does not permit adjustment of values of TCPoptions when connecting with different servers and/or adjustment ofvalues of the TCP options to account for evolving capabilities ofservers.

Most vendors configure values of TCP options in a relativelyconservative manner (i.e., the values reflect capabilities that areworse than those of most servers). When TCP options are configured in aconservative manner, network traffic fails to fully utilize a network'sbandwidth. As a result, the performance of the network is sub-optimal(i.e., traffic is transmitted at a slower rate than possible through thenetwork). Alternatively, vendors may configure values of TCP options ina relatively aggressive manner (i.e., the values reflect capabilitiesthat are better than those of most servers). In these cases, connectionsfail when clients attempt to send data based on the aggressive values toservers that have worse capabilities than those reflected by theaggressive values (i.e., servers fail to receive data from the clients).

SUMMARY

According to one aspect, a method may include: receiving, by a networkdevice, a first message from a first server of a group; receiving, bythe network device, a second message from a second server of a group;determining, by the network device, a set of values of TransmissionControl Protocol (TCP) options for the group based on the first messageand the second message; receiving, by the network device, asynchronization (SYN) message from a client; and transmitting, by thenetwork device, a synchronization-acknowledgment (SYN-ACK) message tothe client in response to the SYN message. The SYN message may include arequest to establish a connection between the client and the firstserver, and the SYN-ACK message may include the set of values of the TCPoptions for the group.

According to another aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable mediummay store a program for causing a processor to perform a method. Themethod may include: sending synchronization (SYN) messages to servers;receiving synchronization-acknowledgment (SYN-ACK) messages from theservers; receiving a request message from a client; determining whichone of the servers is a target of the client based on the requestmessage; generating a reply message; and transmitting the reply messageto the client. Each one of the SYN-ACK messages may include values ofTransmission Control Protocol (TCP) options associated with one of theservers. The reply message may include a set of values associated withthe target, where the set of values may be based on the values of theTCP options.

According to yet another aspect, a device may include a storage deviceand a processor. The storage device may store a first set of values ofTCP options for a first group of servers. The processor may: transmitfirst requests to the first group of servers; receive first replies, inresponse to the first requests, from the first group of servers;determine the first set of values of the TCP options for the first groupbased on values in the first replies; store the first set of values inthe storage device; receive a first message from a client to establish aconnection between the client and a server in the first group ofservers, and transmit, in response to the first message, a secondmessage to the client. The second message may include the first set ofvalues.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute apart of this specification, illustrate one or more implementationsdescribed herein and, together with the description, explain theseimplementations. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example environment in which systems and/ormethods described herein may be implemented;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of example components of one or more of the devicesof FIG. 1;

FIG. 3A is a diagram of example fields of a TCP message capable of beingutilized in the environment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3B is a diagram of an example option field of the TCP message ofFIG. 3A;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of dynamically self-learningvalues of TCP options; and

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of an example process for self-learning values ofTCP options.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings.The same reference numbers in different drawings may identify the sameor similar elements.

The term “data,” as used herein, may refer to and be usedinterchangeably with message, packet, request, reply, response, ping,traffic, datagram, or cell; a fragment of a packet, a fragment of adatagram, a fragment of a cell; or another type, arrangement, orpackaging of data.

TCP may allow the exchange of data between a client and a server thatare connected to a network. To do so, a network device (e.g., a devicewith a server load balancing (SLB) module, a packet forwarding engine(PFE) device, etc.) of the network may facilitate establishing aconnection between the client and the server through a handshakeprocess. The client may transmit a synchronization (SYN) message (as arequest) to establish a connection with the server. Herein, a target mayrefer to a server with which the client attempts to establish aconnection with. The network device may generate and transmit asynchronization-acknowledgment (SYN-ACK) message (as a reply) inresponse to the SYN message. The SYN-ACK message may include parametersfor values of TCP options (e.g., a maximum segment size (MSS), a windowscaling (WS), a selective acknowledgment (SACK) indicator, etc.).Thereafter, the network device may transmit a SYN message to the server.After the network device receives a SYN-ACK message from the server inresponse to the SYN message, a connection may be established between theclient and the server. The client may transmit data to the server basedon the received values of the TCP options.

An implementation, described herein, may provide dynamic self-learningof TCP options. Before a network device receives a SYN message toestablish a connection with a server, the network device may transmitSYN messages to a group of servers as requests for values of TCP optionsfor the servers in the group. The network device may receive a differentSYN-ACK message from each server in the group in response. Each one ofthe SYN-ACK messages may include values of TCP options for/from theserver sending the SYN-ACK message. The network device may determinevalues of TCP options for the group based on the SYN-ACK messages. Whenthe network device receives a SYN message from the client to establish aconnection with one of the servers in the group, the network device maygenerate a SYN-ACK message. The SYN-ACK message may include parametersfor values of TCP options based on the determined values. The networkdevice may transmit the SYN-ACK message to the client as a reply to theSYN message.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an example environment 100 in which systemsand/or methods described herein may be implemented. Environment 100 mayinclude a client 110, a network 120, and servers 140-1, 140-2, . . . ,140-M (collectively referred to as “servers 140” and individually as“server 140”). Network 120 may include network devices 130-1, 130-2, . .. , 130-N (collectively referred to as “devices 130” and individually as“device 130”). Elements of environment 100 may interconnect via wiredand/or wireless connections. In practice, environment 100 may includeadditional elements, fewer elements, different elements, or differentlyarranged elements than are shown in FIG. 1. Alternatively, oradditionally, one or more elements of environment 100 may perform thetasks described as being performed by one or more other elements ofenvironment 100.

Each one of client 110 and server 140 may represent any device capableof transmitting and/or receiving data to/from network 120. In oneimplementation, client 110 and/or server 140 may take the form of acomputer, a switch, a smart phone, a personal computer, a laptopcomputer, a handheld computer, a portable communication device (e.g., amobile phone), an access point base station, etc. Client 110 and/orserver 140 may connect to network 120 directly or indirectly through,for example, a router, a switch, a bridge, a firewall, a gateway, etc.Client 110 and/or server 140 may be part of network 120 and may operateas device(s) 130. Client 110 may allow a user to prompt client 110 totransmit data to server 140. Each one of servers 140 may belong to adifferent group of servers 140. Each group of servers 140 may includeone or more servers 140.

Network 120 may represent a single network, multiple networks of a sametype, or multiple networks of different types. For example, network 120may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), ametropolitan area network (MAN), a wireless network, such as a generalpacket radio service (GPRS) network, an ad hoc network, a publicswitched telephone network (PSTN), a subset of the Internet, any othernetwork, or any combination thereof.

Devices 130 may connect via a number of network links. The network linksmay include wired and/or wireless links. Each device 130 may connect toone or more other devices 130. While FIG. 1 shows a particular numberand arrangement of devices 130, network 120 may include additional,fewer, different, or differently arranged devices 130 than areillustrated in FIG. 1. As stated above, device 130 may represent client110 and/or server 130.

Device 130 may include a network device that transmits data traffic. Forexample, device 130 may take the form of a routing device, a switchingdevice, a multiplexing device, or a device that performs a combinationof routing, switching, and/or multiplexing functions. In oneimplementation, device 130 may be a digital device. In anotherimplementation, device 130 may be an optical device. In yet anotherimplementation, device 130 may be a combination of a digital device andan optical device.

Device 130 may include a component to receive, transmit, and/or processtraffic on a network link. For example, device 130 may include anEthernet interface, an optical carrier (OC) interface, an asynchronoustransfer mode (ATM) interface, or another type of interface. Device 130may manage a set of one or more input ports via which data can bereceived, a set of one or more output ports via which data can betransmitted, and/or a set of one or more input/output ports via whichdata can be received and transmitted.

Device 130 may perform certain operations on incoming and/or outgoingdata, such as decapsulation, encapsulation, demultiplexing,multiplexing, queuing, etc. operations, that may facilitate theprocessing and/or transportation of incoming and/or outgoing data. Inone implementation, device 130 may function as a node on a network linkin network 120 (e.g., an ingress node, an intermediate node and/or anoutput node), may receive data, may perform operations on data (e.g.,append, remove, reroute, and/or other operations), and may transmit datato other devices 130.

Device 130 may perform other operations on incoming and/or outgoingdata. For example, device 130 may perform data integrity operations onincoming and/or outgoing data. In another example, device 130 mayperform incoming data buffering operations that may include performingdata segmentation operations (e.g., breaking the data into cells (e.g.,segments)), generating data control information to manage data duringbuffering operations, and/or storing data and control information, etc.In yet another example, device 130 may perform outgoing data bufferingoperations that may include retrieving data control information and/orperforming data integrity operations. Additionally, or alternatively,device 130 may, from the data control information, retrieve data cells,reassemble the data cells into outgoing data, and transmit outgoing datain accordance with data forwarding information.

Client 110 may allow a user to instruct client 110 to transmit data toserver 140. One or more of device 130 may establish connection(s)between client 110 and server 140. Devices 130 may facilitatetransmission of the data after establishing the connection(s). One ormore of devices 130 may act as client 110 and/or server 140 at one ormore times during the establishing of the connections and/or thetransmitting of the data.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of example components of a device 200 that maycorrespond to one or more of client 110, devices 130, and servers 140.Each one of client 110, devices 130, and servers 140 may include one ormore devices 200. As shown in FIG. 2, device 200 may include a bus 210,a processor 220, a memory 230, and a communication interface 240. Inanother implementation, device 200 may include additional components,fewer components, different components, or differently arrangedcomponents than are shown in FIG. 2. For example, device 200 may includeinput ports, output ports, and/or a switching mechanism.

Bus 210 may include a path that permits communication among thecomponents of device 200. Processor 220 may include a processor,microprocessor, or processing logic that may interpret and executeinstructions. Memory 230 may include a random access memory (RAM), aread only memory (ROM) device, a magnetic and/or optical recordingmedium and its corresponding drive, and/or another type of static and/ordynamic storage device that may store information and instructions forexecution by processor 220. Communication interface 240 may include anytransceiver-like mechanism that enables device 200 to communicate withother devices and/or networks. For example, communication interface 240may include a network card, such as a network interface card (NIC)and/or an Ethernet device, such as an Ethernet NIC.

Device 200 may perform certain operations, as described in detail below.Device 200 may perform these operations in response to processor 220executing software instructions (e.g., computer program(s)) contained ina computer-readable medium, such as memory 230, a secondary storagedevice (e.g., hard disk, CD-ROM, etc.) or other forms of RAM or ROM. Acomputer-readable medium may be defined as a non-transitory memorydevice. A memory device may include memory space within a singlephysical memory device or spread across multiple physical memorydevices.

The software instructions may be read into memory 230 from anothercomputer-readable medium, such as a data storage device, or from anotherdevice via communication interface 240. The software instructionscontained in memory 230 may cause processor 220 to perform processesthat will be described later. Alternatively, hardwired circuitry may beused in place of or in combination with software instructions toimplement processes described herein. Thus, implementations describedherein are not limited to any specific combination of hardware circuitryand software.

FIG. 3A is a diagram of example fields of a TCP message 300. Each one ofSYN messages and SYN-ACK messages may be in a form of TCP message 300.As shown in FIG. 3A, TCP message 300 may include, for example, one ormore of the following fields: a source port field, a destination portfield, a sequence number field, an acknowledgement number field, a dataoffset field, a reserved (RES) field, a flags field, a window sizefield, a checksum field, an urgent pointer field, a TCP options field,and a data field. In practice, TCP message 300 may include additionalfields, fewer fields, different fields, or differently arranged fieldsthan are shown in FIG. 3A. For example, a SYN message, in a form of TCPmessage 300, may not include the TCP options field.

The source port field may identify the sending port. The destinationport field may identify the receiving port. The sequence number fieldmay have two roles depending on whether a SYN flag (identified below) ispresent. When the SYN flag is present, the sequence number field maystore an initial sequence number (ISN). When the SYN flag is notpresent, the sequence number field may store the sequence number for thefirst data byte. The acknowledgement number field may identify the nextexpected byte that the receiver is expecting. The data offset field mayspecify the size of the TCP header and, thus, the start of the TCP datafield. The reserved (RES) field may be reserved for future use.

The flags field may store eight one bit control flags. For example, theflags field may include a congestion window reduced (CWR) field, anECN-Echo (ECE) field, an urgent (URG) field, an acknowledgment (ACK)field, a push (PSH) field, a reset (RST) field, a synchronize (SYN)field, and a finish (FIN) field. The CWR field may store a flag that maybe set by the sender to indicate that the sender received TCP message300 with the ECE flag set. The ECE field may store a flag that mayindicate whether the sender/receiver is ECN capable. The URG field maystore a flag that indicates whether the urgent pointer field is valid.The ACK field may store a flag that indicates whether the acknowledgmentnumber field is valid. The PSH field may store a flag that indicates tothe receiver that the receiver should push all of the buffered data tothe receiving application. The RST field may store a flag that indicatesto the receiver whether the connection is to be reset. The SYN field maystore a flag that is set for initial messages of a TCP connection whereboth the receiver and the sender have to synchronize their buffers. TheFIN field may store a flag that indicates that the sender will not besending any more data.

The window size field may identify the number of bytes (beyond thesequence number in the acknowledgment field) that the receiver iscurrently willing to receive. The checksum field may include data forerror-checking of the TCP header and the TCP data. The urgent pointerfield may include an offset from the sequence number indicating the lasturgent data byte.

As shown in FIG. 3B, the TCP options field may include an end of options(EOP) field, a no operations (NOP) field, a maximum segment size (MSS)field, a window scale (WS) field, and a selective acknowledgment (SACK)field. The EOP field may store data to indicate the end of the options.The NOP field may be used as padding. The MSS field may store a valuethat specifies the maximum message size that the sender would like toreceive. The WS field may store a value to indicate whether a value inthe window size may be increased. For example, the WS field value mayequal a number (e.g., between 0 (no shift) to 14) that indicates anumber of bits to left-shift the window size field. The SACK field maystore a value that indicates whether selective acknowledgments arepermitted.

Returning to FIG. 3A, the data field may store the payload, or dataportion, of TCP message 300. The payload may be any of a number ofapplication layer protocols, such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),Telnet, Secure Shell (SSH), and File Transfer Protocol (FTP).

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of dynamically self-learningvalues of TCP options. As shown in FIG. 4, device 130 may include ahealth monitor 410. Health monitor 410 may represent and/or be usedinterchangeably with any process, any computer program, and/or anyapplication (e.g., a daemon) that may facilitate learning values of TCPoptions. Health monitor 410 may implement a process for dynamicallyself-learning the values of the TCP options (e.g., MSS, SACK, WS, etc.).Herein, any reference to device 130 may refer to health monitor 410.Device 130 may include one or more health monitors 410. Each healthmonitor 410 may learn values of TCP options for particular servers 140and/or groups of servers 140. Therefore, herein, any reference to device130 may refer to a particular health monitor 410 of device 130. Further,any reference to servers 140 and/or one or more group of servers 140that are connected to device 130 may refer to servers 140 and/or one ormore group of servers 140 that are assigned to health monitor 410.

Assume that servers 140 are connected to device 130. Device 130 mayproceed to execute a process for learning values of TCP optionsassociated with servers 140. Servers 140 may include one or more groupsof servers 140. For example, server 140-1, server 140-2, and server140-3 may form a first group of servers 140; server 140-4 and server140-5 may form a second group of servers 140; server 140-6, server140-7, and server 140-8 may form a third group of servers 140; etc.Herein, a group of servers 140 may refer to a virtual server and theservers in the group may refer to a set of physical servers associatedwith the virtual server.

Device 130 may generate SYN messages 420. Device 130 may transmit SYNmessages 420 to servers 140. SYN messages 420 may include the mostaggressive (maximum) possible values for TCP options. Each one ofservers 140 may receive a different one of SYN messages 420. Forexample, server 140-1 may receive one of SYN messages 420. Server 140-1may generate a SYN-ACK message 425 in reply to the one of SYN messages420. The generated SYN-ACK message 425 may include values of TCP optionsassociated with server 140-1 (e.g., a value of “1.5 K” for MSS of server140-1, a value of “5 blocks” for SACK of server 140-1, and a value of“2” for WS of server 140-1). Servers 140 may transmit generated SYN-ACKmessages with values of TCP options as SYN-ACK messages 425(individually referred to as “SYN-ACK message 425”). The values of theTCP options included in SYN-ACK message 425 may represent TCP optionsthat servers 140 may handle (e.g., configuration(s) of an operatingsystem (OS) of server 140. In other words, the values of the TCP optionsin SYN-ACK messages 425 may be more conservative (smaller) than themaximum possible values, which are included in SYN messages 420.

Device 130 may receive SYN-ACK messages 425 from servers 140. Device 130may determine values of TCP options for each group of servers based onSYN-ACK messages 425, which are received in response to SYN messages420. For example, device 130 may determine a first set of values of TCPoptions for the first groups based on SYN-ACK message 425 received fromserver 140-1, SYN-ACK message 425 received from server 140-2, andSYN-ACK message 425 received from server 140-3. To determine a groupvalue, in a set of values for a group, of one of the TCP options, device130 may select the most conservative value from the values included forthe one of the TCP options in SYN-ACK messages 425, which are receivedfrom a particular group of servers 140 (e.g., the first group ofservers).

Assume that client 110 desires to establish a TCP connection with one ofservers 140 (e.g., server 140-1) or a group of servers (e.g., the firstgroup of servers 140). Client 110 may transmit SYN message 430 toconnect with server 140. Device 130 may intercept SYN message 430.Device 130 may determine based on SYN message 430 (e.g., based on anInternet Protocol (IP) destination address specified in the destinationport field of SYN message 430) with which group of servers 140 thatclient 110 wants to connect. For example, assume that the device 130determines that the client 110 wants to connect with server 140-1.Device 130 may determine that client 110 wants connect with the firstgroup of servers because server 140-1 is in the first group of servers.Device 130 may retrieve the values of TCP options, which are associatedwith (determined for) servers 140 in the first group. Device 130 maygenerate a SYN-ACK message 435 with the retrieved values of TCP optionsas parameters. Device 130 may transmit SYN-ACK message 435 to client110.

Thereafter, device 130 may generate a SYN message 440. Device 130 maysend SYN message 440 to server 140. Server 140 may receive SYN message440 from device 130. Assume that server 140 determines to establish aconnection with client 110 based on SYN message 440 acting as aconnection request. As a result, server 140 may generate a SYN-ACKmessage 445 that server 140 may send to device 130/client 110. Device130 may receive/intercept SYN-ACK message 445. Thereafter, a connectionmay be established between client 110 and server 140-1. Client 110 maytransmit data 450 to server 140-1 based on values of TCP options thatare in SYN-ACK message 435. Device 130 may forward data 450 to server140-1. Device 130 may also receive data from server 140-1 and forwarddata 450 to client 110

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of an example process 500 for self-learning valuesof TCP options. In one implementation, device 130 may perform process500. In another implementation, some or all of process 500 may beperformed by a device separate from or in combination with device 130.

As shown in FIG. 5, process 500 may include sending SYN messages 420 toservers 140 (block 510). For example, in one implementation, device 130may send SYN messages 420 to servers 140 on a periodic basis. Anadministrator of device 130 may configure a defined period of timeduring which to resend SYN messages 420 to (re-)learn updated values ofTCP options. Device 130 may keep track of amount of time since the lastSYN messages were sent. Device 130 may determine that the defined periodof time elapsed (i.e., when the tracked amount of time equals thedefined period of time). When the defined period of time elapses, device130 may resend SYN messages 420 to servers 140. In anotherimplementation, device 130 may resend to different groups of serversbased on different defined periods of times. For example, device 130 maysend SYN messages 420 to a first group of servers 140 every first periodof time, device 130 may send SYN messages 420 to a second group ofservers 140 and/or a third group of servers 140 every second period oftime, etc.

In yet another implementation, device 130 may send SYN messages 420 toone or more of servers 140 when one or more other predefined eventsoccur for prompting (re-) learning values of TCP options for servers140. For example, a condition may specify for device 130 to send SYNmessages 420 when a state of a server 140 changes to an up state from adown state. The state of server 140 may change to an up state from adown state, for example, when server 140 is turned-off and rebooted.When device 130 determines that the condition is met for transmittingSYN messages 420, device 130 may transmit SYN message(s) 420 to server140 (which met the condition), to all servers 140 in the same group asserver 140, and/or to all servers 140 connected to device 130.

Device 130 may send SYN messages 420 based on most aggressive (maximum)possible values for TCP options. Servers 140 may return SYN-ACK messages425 with values for TCP options that are more conservative (smaller thanthe maximum), as described further below. The values of the TCP optionmay specify what servers 140 may handle (e.g., based on configurationsof OSs of servers).

SYN-ACK messages 425 may be received from the servers (block 520). Forexample, server 140-1 may receive one of SYN messages 420 from device130. SYN message 420 may prompt server 140-1 to generate one of SYN-ACKmessages 425 in order for server 140-1 to connect with client 110.Server 140-1 may generate one of SYN-ACK messages 425 based on values ofTCP options for server 140-1. Similarly, server 140-2 may generate oneof SYN-ACK messages 425 based on values of TCP options for server 140-2,server 140-3 may generate one of SYN-ACK messages 425 based on values ofTCP options for server 140-3, etc. Servers 140 that received SYNmessages 420 may generate SYN-ACK messages 425 and transmit SYN-ACKmessages 425 to device 130. Device 130 may receive SYN-ACK messages 425from servers 140, which received SYN messages 420 from device 130.

Values of TCP options may be determined (block 530). For example, device130 may determine a set of values of TCP options for each group ofservers 140, which are connected to device 130, based on SYN-ACKmessages 425 received from servers 140 in the groups. Assume that server140-1, server 140-2, and server 140-3 form a first group of servers 140.Device 130 may receive SYN-ACK message 425 from server 140-1 with thefollowing values of TCP options: “1 K” for MSS, “5 blocks” for SACK, and“2” for WS. Device 130 may receive SYN-ACK message 425 from server 140-2with the following values of TCP options: “1.5 K” for MSS, “4 blocks”for SACK, and “3” for WS. Device 130 may receive SYN-ACK message 425from server 140-3 with the following values of TCP options: “2 K” forMSS, “4.5 blocks” for SACK, and “4” for WS. Device 130 may determine afirst set of values of TCP options for the first group of servers 140 byselecting smallest/most conservative values of each TCP options based onthe values in SYN-ACK messages 425 received from server 140-1, server140-2, and server 140-3, which make up the first group of servers 140.Accordingly, device 130 may determine the following a first set ofvalues of TCP options for the first group of servers 140: “1 K” for MSS,“4 blocks” for SACK, and “2” for WS.

Assume that server 140-5 and server 140-6 form a second group of servers140. Device 130 may determine a second set of values of TCP options forthe second group of servers 140 by selecting smallest or mostconservative values of each TCP options based on the values in SYN-ACKmessages 425 received from server 140-5 and server 140-6. For example,device 130 may determine the following second set of values of TCPoptions for the second group of servers 140: “3 K” for MSS, “6 blocks”for SACK, and “4” for WS. Device 130 may repeat the process fordetermining group values of TCP options for each group of servers 140connected to device 130. Device 130 may store the different sets ofvalues of TCP options for the different groups of servers 140. Device130 may store each one of the sets of values in association with anidentifier of one the different groups of servers 140. Device 130 mayretrieve one of the sets of values of TCP options, based on a determinedidentifier of a particular group of servers 140, when client 110 wantsto establish a connection with server 140, which is in the particulargroup of servers 140. Client 110 may use the retrieved set of values ofTCP options when transmitting data 450 to a destination server 140associated with the retrieved set of values.

Process 500 may send new SYN messages 420 to the servers 140 (block510), after determining values of TCP options (block 530), whenever adefined period of time elapses and/or a predefined events occurs, asdescribed above with reference to block 510. Thereafter, device 130 maydetermine an updated set of values of TCP options based on new SYN-ACKmessages 425 that are received in reply to new SYN messages 420.

SYN message 430 may be received from a client (block 540). For example,client 110 may want to establish a connection with server 140-1. Client110 may generate SYN message 430. SYN message 430 may include a TCPmessage that indicates that client 110 wants to establish the connectionwith server 140-1. SYN message 430 may include an IP address of server140-1 or an IP address associated with a first group of servers 140,which includes server 140-1. Client 110 may transmit SYN message 430 toserver 140-1 and/or device 130. Device 130 may receive SYN message 430from client 110 (e.g., device 130 may receive SYN message 430 byintercepting SYN message 430 when SYN message 430 is sent to establish aconnection with server 140-1).

A server group may be identified (block 550). For example, device 130may determine that SYN message 430 is a TCP message for establishing aconnection with server 140. Device 130 may look at destination portfield of SYN message 430 to determine an IP address of server 140-1 withwhich client 110 wants to establish a connection. Device 130 mayidentify a group of servers 140 by determining that server 140-1 is inthe first group of servers 140. Identifying the first server group mayinclude determining an identifier of (associated with) the first groupbased on an IP address of server 140-1 (i.e., the destination IPaddress).

A SYN-ACK message 435 may be generated and sent (block 560). Forexample, device 130 may retrieve a first set of values for the firstgroup of servers 140 based on the determined identifier. Device 130 maygenerate SYN-ACK message 435 based on the retrieved first set of values.SYN-ACK message 435 may include, for example, parameters for thefollowing group values, in the first set of values, of TCP options forthe first group of servers 140: “1 K” for MSS, “4 blocks” for SACK, and“2” for WS. Device 130 may send SYN-ACK message 435 to client 110 as areply to SYN message 430. SYN-ACK message 435 may include a number(e.g., “3” (“2”+1)) in an acknowledgement number field that is relatedto a number (e.g., “2”) in a sequence number field of SYN message 430.Client 110 may receive SYN-ACK message 435. Client 110 may configureitself to transmit data 450 to server 140, after the connection isestablished, based on the first set of values of TCP options in SYN-ACKmessage 435.

A SYN message 440 may be sent to server (block 570). For example, aftertransmitting SYN-ACK message 435 to client 110, device 130 may send SYNmessage 440 to server 140-1. SYN message 440 may include a TCP message.SYN message 440 may include information to request for server 140-1 toestablish a connection with client 110.

A SYN-ACK message 445 may be received (block 580). For example, server140-1 may receive SYN message 440. Server 140-1 may determine whether toestablish a connection with client 110 based/in response to SYN message440. Server 140-1 may generate SYN-ACK message 445 as a reply to SYNmessage 440. SYN-ACK message 445 may include information to indicatethat server 140-1 successfully determined to establish the connectionwith client 110. Server 140-1 may send SYN-ACK message 445 to device130.

A connection may be established (block 590). For example, device 130 mayreceive SYN-ACK message 445 from server 140-1. Device 130 may determine,as a result of SYN-ACK message 445, that the process (begun due toreceipt of SYN message 430) for establishing the connection betweenclient 110 and server 140-1 is complete. Device 130 may transmitadditional acknowledgement (ACK) messages to client 110 and/or server140-1 to notify them that the connection between client 110 and server140-1 is established. Thereafter, client 110 and server 140-1 mayexchange data 450 via network 120.

The foregoing description of implementations provides illustration anddescription, but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit theinvention to the precise form disclosed. Modifications and variationsare possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired frompractice of the invention.

For example, while a series of blocks has been described with regard toFIG. 5, the order of the blocks may be modified in otherimplementations. Further, non-dependent blocks may be performed inparallel.

Also, reference was made throughout the description to the capabilitiesof the server. These references may refer to the capabilities of anapplication operating on the server. Likewise, any reference to thecapabilities of an application operating on the server may refer to thecapabilities of the server itself.

Further, while the terms “client” and “server” have been used to referto devices, these terms may also refer to applications operating onthese devices. The terms “client device” and “server device” areintended to refer to devices and not to applications operating on thesedevices.

It will be apparent that example aspects, as described above, may beimplemented in many different forms of software, firmware, and hardwarein the embodiments illustrated in the figures. The actual software codeor specialized control hardware used to implement these aspects shouldnot be construed as limiting. Thus, the operation and behavior of theaspects were described without reference to the specific softwarecode-it being understood that software and control hardware could bedesigned to implement the aspects based on the description herein.

Even though particular combinations of features are recited in theclaims and/or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are notintended to limit the disclosure of the invention. In fact, many ofthese features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in theclaims and/or disclosed in the specification. Although each dependentclaim listed below may directly depend on only one other claim, thedisclosure of the invention includes each dependent claim in combinationwith every other claim in the claim set.

No element, act, or instruction used in the present application shouldbe construed as critical or essential to the invention unless explicitlydescribed as such. Also, as used herein, the article “a” is intended toinclude one or more items. Where only one item is intended, the term“one” or similar language is used. Further, the phrase “based on” isintended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly statedotherwise.

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A method comprising: receiving, by one or moredevices and from a first server of a group of servers, first informationregarding a first value for a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)option; receiving, by the one or more devices and from a second serverof the group of servers, second information regarding a second value forthe TCP option; determining, by the one or more devices, a particularvalue for the TCP option based on the first information regarding thefirst value and the second information regarding the second value; andsending, by the one or more devices and to a client device, thirdinformation regarding the particular value to allow the client device tocommunicate with at least one of the first server or the second serverbased on the particular value.
 22. The method of claim 21, where the TCPoption comprises at least one of a maximum segment size (MSS), a windowscaling (WS), or a selective acknowledgment (SACK).
 23. The method ofclaim 21, where determining the particular value for the TCP optioncomprises: determining that the first value is smaller than the secondvalue; and selecting the first value as the particular value based ondetermining that the first value is smaller than the second value. 24.The method of claim 21, further comprising: receiving, from the clientdevice, a request to establish a connection between the client deviceand at least one of the first server or the second server; andgenerating, based on the request, the third information regarding theparticular value.
 25. The method of claim 21, further comprising:sending a first request to the first server, the first information beingsent by the first server to the one or more devices as a reply to thefirst request; and sending a second request to the second server, thesecond information being sent by the second server to the one or moredevices as a reply to the second request.
 26. The method of claim 21,further comprising: determining another particular value for another TCPoption; and sending fourth information regarding the other particularvalue to the client device.
 27. The method of claim 26, wheredetermining the other particular value comprises: receiving, from thefirst server, fifth information regarding a fifth value for the otherTCP option, receiving, from the second server, sixth informationregarding a sixth value for the other TCP option, and determining theother value for the other TCP option based on the fifth informationregarding the fifth value and the sixth information regarding the sixthvalue.
 28. The method of claim 21, where sending the third informationregarding the particular value comprises: sending asynchronization-acknowledgment (SYN-ACK) message to the client device,the SYN-ACK message including the third information regarding theparticular value.
 29. The method of claim 28, where the SYN-ACK messagefurther comprises fourth information regarding another particular valuefor another TCP option.
 30. A non-transitory computer-readable mediumstoring instructions, the instructions comprising: one or moreinstructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause the atleast one processor to: receive a first message from a first server, thefirst message including information identifying a first value for aparticular Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) option; receive a secondmessage from a second server, the second message including informationidentifying a second value for the particular TCP option; determine aparticular value based on the first value and the second value; generatea third message based on the particular value; and transmit the thirdmessage to a client device that requested to establish a connectionbetween the client device and one of the first server or the secondserver.
 31. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 30,where the first message further includes information identifying a thirdvalue for a different TCP option, and where the instructions furthercomprise: one or more instructions that, when executed by the at leastone processor, cause the at least one processor to: determine anothervalue, based on the third value, for another TCP option, and where thethird message includes the particular value and the other value.
 32. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 30, where the one ormore instructions to determine the particular value comprise: one ormore instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor,cause the at least one processor to: determine that the first value issmaller than the second value; and select the first value as theparticular value based on determining that the first value is smallerthan the second value.
 33. The non-transitory computer-readable mediumof claim 30, where the instructions further comprise: one or moreinstructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, causethe at least one processor to: receive a request from the client device,the third message being a response to the request.
 34. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 33, where the requestis a synchronization (SYN) message, and where the third message is asynchronization-acknowledgment (SYN-ACK) message.
 35. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 33, where the instructions furthercomprise: one or more instructions that, when executed by the at leastone processor, cause the at least one processor to: determine a targetof the client device based on the request, the target being one of thefirst server or the second server, and the first server and the secondserver being part of a particular group of servers; and retrieve theparticular value based on the target.
 36. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 30, where the instructions furthercomprise: one or more instructions that, when executed by the at leastone processor, cause the at least one processor to: transmit asynchronization (SYN) message to the first sever, the first messagebeing a response to the SYN message,
 37. A system comprising: one ormore processors to: receive, from a first server, first informationregarding a first value for a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)option; receive, from a second server, second information regarding asecond value for the TCP option; determine a particular value for theTCP option based on the first information regarding the first value andthe second information regarding the second value; generate a messagebased on the particular value; and send, to a client device, the messageto allow the client device to communicate with at least one of the firstserver or the second server based on the particular value.
 38. Thesystem of claim 37, where the one or more processors are further to:determine another value for another TCP option based on otherinformation received from at least one of the first server or the secondserver, and where, when generating the message, the one or moreprocessors are to: generate the message based on the particular valueand the other value.
 39. The system of claim 37, where, when determiningthe particular value, the one or more processors are to: determine thatthe first value is smaller than the second value; and select the firstvalue as the particular value based on determining that the first valueis smaller than the second value.
 40. The system of claim 37, where,when generating the particular value, the one or more processors are to:receive a request from the client device, determine, based on therequest, information associated with a group that includes a firstserver and a second server, and retrieve, before generating the message,the particular value based on the information associated with the group.